Researchers predict that nearly ice-free summers are on the way, although it?s not yet clear when this will happen.
Ice-free summers in the Arctic are on their way, say scientists, who suggest various implications, from threatening polar bears that depend on the ice for habitat (photo taken in 2008) to making shipping easier and faster through the Northwest Passage.
Jessica K Robertson, U.S. Geological Survey
EnlargeArctic sea-ice extent shrank to an unprecedented low this summer, part of a long-term decline in the icy white cap over the far northern ocean.
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Researchers predict that nearly ice-free summers are on the way, although it?s not yet clear when this will happen. This shift has implications for climate ? in particular, it is expected to aggravate global warming ? and for the animals, such as polar bears and walruses, which depend on the ice for habitat.
But the loss of?ice over the Arctic Ocean?also opens up the possibility for increased shipping, tourism, oil and gas exploration, and fishing. But this potential development raises challenges with which nations will have to grapple, said Anne Siders, a postdoctoral researcher with the Columbia Center for Climate Change Law, to an audience at Columbia University Wednesday (Sept. 19).
Siders was among a panel of researchers who discussed the science behind the declining sea ice, the suite of changes occurring in the Arctic and public perception of it. [10 Things You Need to Know About Arctic Sea Ice]
A predictably open Arctic Ocean creates opportunities and challenges for nations that ring the Arctic. Here are some of them.
The opportunities: ??
Fishing:?Warming ocean temperatures, migrating fish and changes in sea ice may create conditions favorable to the development of new?commercial fisheries?within the Arctic, according to the U.S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). A U.S. plan, approved in 2009, temporarily prohibits commercial fishing in U.S. Arctic waters until more information is available.
More ship traffic:?A journey through the?Northwest Passage?north of Canada or along the Northern sea route over Russia can cut thousands of miles off a trip that could otherwise require a ship to travel through the Panama Canal or the Suez Canal. Between 1906 and 2006, only 69 ships traveled through the Northwest Passage, said Michael Byers, professor of political science at the University of British Columbia, in a recent article in the Canadian newspaper?The Globe and Mail. In 2010, 18 traveled through, and in 2011, 22 made the trip. As ice in the passage has dwindled, tourist trips on cruise ships and private yachts has increased, the?Canadian Broadcasting Corporation?reports.
Gas and oil:?The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) estimated in 2008 that the Arctic holds a wealth of undiscovered energy reserves: 90 billion of barrels of oil, 1,670 trillion cubic feet (47.3 trillion cubic meters) of natural gas, and 44 billion barrels of natural gas liquids ?most of it offshore. The quest for these resources is underway, in spite of setbacks. The oil company Shell announced on Monday(Sept. 17) it was delaying until next year plans to drill off the Alaskan Arctic coast. The loss of ice would make this prospecting easier.
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